Digital nomad visas in the EU & Schengen Area
Live and work remotely across Europe. These EU and Schengen-zone countries offer dedicated digital nomad or remote-work visas — many with paths to long-term residency.
Austria
No dedicated digital nomad visa. Schengen tourist stay or Red-White-Red Card closest alternatives for non-EU citizens.
Income: No minimum income for Schengen tourist entry. Red-White-Red Card (self-employed): minimum gross income approximately EUR 2,775/month (2025 threshold). · Tax: Progressive income tax (0%–55%). Tax residency after 183 days/year. EU freedom of movement applies to EU/EEA nationals. Non-residents: taxed only on Austrian-sourced income.
Belgium
No dedicated digital nomad visa. Professional Card (Carte Professionnelle) for self-employed non-EU nationals (very restrictive).
Income: No minimum income for Schengen tourist stay. Professional Card (self-employment): must demonstrate viable business plan generating sufficient income. No fixed minimum. · Tax: Belgian progressive income tax (25%–50%). Tax residency after 183 days. Social contributions apply. No digital nomad-specific regime.
Croatia
Temporary Residence Permit for Digital Nomads (Privremeni boravak digitalnih nomada)
Income: Minimum €3,295/month (2.5× Croatian average monthly net salary per Bureau of Statistics, updated May 2025). Alternative: savings of €39,540 for 12 months or €59,310 for 18 months. Income updated to ~€3,622.50 in early 2026 per some sources. · Tax: Foreign-sourced income is exempt from Croatian income tax while holding this permit. Croatian tax residency triggered if spending 183+ days/year in Croatia.
Cyprus
Digital Nomad Visa Scheme (Temporary Residence Permit)
Income: Minimum €3,500 net/month (after tax deductions) for single applicant. +20% for spouse/partner (€4,200 total). +15% per minor child. Proven via 6 months of bank statements. · Tax: Not automatically a tax resident. Cyprus tax residency triggered if spending 183+ days/year in Cyprus. Tax residents subject to Cyprus progressive income tax (0–35%) on worldwide income. Non-residents taxed only on Cyprus-sourced income. Cyprus's 60-day rule: can become tax resident in 60 days if strong ties to Cyprus and not resident elsewhere. Non-domiciled tax residents may benefit from 50% exemption on employment income ≥€55,000/year.
Czech Republic
Czech Digital Nomad Program (Long-Term Visa / Živnostenské Oprávnění)
Income: Minimum 1.5× Czech average monthly salary. For May 2025–April 2026: approximately CZK 69,836/month (~USD $3,000 or ~€2,800). Updated annually each April. · Tax: Digital nomads are subject to Czech income tax (15% on income up to CZK 1,762,812; 23% above). Most freelancers use the 60/40 flat-rate deduction method: deduct 60% of gross income as expenses, pay tax on 40% only. Monthly social security (~USD $132) and health insurance (~USD $122) contributions required for trade license holders.
Estonia
Digital Nomad Visa (DNV) — Type D Long-Stay Visa
Income: Minimum €4,500 gross/month for the 6 months preceding the application (increased from €3,504 in 2023). Family: +50% for spouse, +30% per child. · Tax: Not a tax resident if staying fewer than 183 days/year — taxed in home country. Tax residency triggered at 183 days; Estonia flat income tax rate applies. Double taxation treaties with many countries.
Finland
No dedicated digital nomad visa. Self-Employment Residence Permit for freelancers (closest alternative).
Income: No minimum income for Schengen tourist entry. Self-employment residence permit: must demonstrate sufficient income to support oneself. Finland's reference subsistence level: approximately €1,600–€2,200/month (varies by individual circumstances). · Tax: Tax residency after 183 days/year or registered domicile in Finland. Progressive Finnish income tax (approximately 30%–55% including municipal tax for high earners). No special digital nomad tax regime.
France
No dedicated digital nomad visa. Talent Passport (Passeport Talent) for entrepreneurs and specialized talent (closest option).
Income: No minimum income for Schengen tourist entry. Talent Passport (Entrepreneur/Innovator): must show viable business plan with projected income. No fixed minimum published. Practically: business plan demonstrating financial self-sufficiency is required. · Tax: Progressive income tax (0%–45%). French social contributions apply. Tax residency after 183 days/year. France has double taxation treaties with most countries. No digital nomad-specific tax regime.
Germany
Freelance Visa (Freiberufler Aufenthaltserlaubnis — Self-Employment Residence Permit, §21 AufenthG)
Income: No officially fixed minimum income. Applicants must demonstrate sufficient projected income to be financially self-sufficient. Guideline: approximately €9,000–€12,000/year minimum (varies by city and assessor). Berlin Ausländerbehörde formula: gross income must exceed rent + health insurance + €563/month minimum. Strong client contracts and projected income forecasts are essential. · Tax: Germany has progressive income tax (0%–45%). Trade tax (Gewerbesteuer) applies if classified as Gewerbe (not Freiberufler). Freiberufler: no trade tax (significant saving). Must register with local Finanzamt (tax office) and obtain Steuernummer. VAT (Umsatzsteuer 19%) applies on services if annual turnover over €22,000 (Kleinunternehmerregelung exemption available below). Must file annual tax return.
Greece
Digital Nomad Visa (Type D National Visa)
Income: Minimum €3,500 net/month (single applicant). €4,200/month with spouse (+20%). €4,830/month with additional dependents (+10% per dependent). · Tax: 50% income tax reduction for up to 7 years (Law 4825/2021) for those who become Greek tax residents. Tax exemption if stay under 183 days/year. Standard Greek progressive rates apply otherwise.
Hungary
White Card (Fejér kártya) — Digital Nomad Residence Permit
Income: Minimum €3,000 net/month for at least 6 months before entry (increased from €2,000 in 2024). Must maintain this income level throughout entire stay. Additionally, savings of at least €10,000 in a non-sanctioned bank account are required. · Tax: Not a tax resident if staying under 183 days/year — foreign income generally not taxed in Hungary. Tax residency triggered after 183 days; flat 15% personal income tax rate applies. Hungary has double taxation treaties with many countries.
Iceland
Long-Term Visa for Remote Work (Langtímaáritun)
Income: Minimum ISK 1,000,000/month (~USD $7,000–$8,200 at April 2026 rates) for single applicant. ISK 1,300,000/month (~USD $9,000–$10,700) if applying with a spouse or cohabiting partner. One of the highest income thresholds globally. · Tax: Not a tax resident since maximum stay is 180 days (below the 183-day threshold). Foreign-sourced income is not taxed in Iceland for stays under 183 days. No kennitala (Icelandic social security number) issued to visa holders.
Ireland
No dedicated digital nomad visa. Critical Skills Employment Permit or Stamp 0 (Independent Means) closest alternatives.
Income: No minimum income for tourist entry (non-Schengen — separate visa rules). Stamp 0 (permission for independent means): minimum income of approximately €50,000/year from overseas sources (pension, investments, or remote work). No digital nomad visa framework. · Tax: Irish income tax: 20%–40% progressive. Tax residency after 183 days/year. PRSI (social insurance) and USC (Universal Social Charge) apply. No digital nomad-specific tax regime.
Italy
Visto per Lavoro Autonomo / Subordinato da Remoto (Digital Nomad / Remote Worker Visa)
Income: Minimum €28,000/year gross (approximately €2,333/month) for single applicant. For applicants with family: +€11,000/year per adult dependent, +€3,500/year per dependent child. Income must come from work performed in Italy for non-Italian employers/clients. Passive income not accepted. · Tax: Italian income tax applies if staying 183+ days/year (tax residency). Progressive rates: 23%–43%. "Impatriate regime" (special incentive): tax only on 30% of foreign income (or 10% in southern regions) for up to 5 years for qualifying new residents. Tax residency triggers social security contributions as well. Consult Italian tax advisor before applying.
Latvia
Long-Stay Visa for Remote Work (Type D)
Income: Minimum 2.5× the average monthly gross salary in Latvia for the previous year, confirmed by the Central Statistical Bureau. As of 2025: approximately €4,213/month gross (based on official PMLP data). Must be confirmed via documents from OECD country tax/social insurance authority. · Tax: No tax on foreign-sourced income for stays under 183 days/year. After 183 days, Latvian progressive income tax applies (up to 31%). No special nomad tax regime. Latvia has double taxation treaties with many countries. Proposed 15% flat rate for nomad holders (not yet enacted as of April 2026).
Lithuania
Temporary Residence Permit for Remote Workers / National Long-Stay Visa (Type D) — closest option for digital nomads
Income: Minimum income equal to the Lithuanian national minimum wage per month for financial self-sufficiency. In 2025: minimum wage is €1,038/month gross. For Temporary Residence Permit applications: must demonstrate financial means of at least €1,038/month (the statutory minimum wage). Practical recommendation: €1,500–€2,000/month to demonstrate comfortable self-sufficiency. There is no dedicated digital nomad visa — remote workers use the National Long-Stay Visa (Type D) or Temporary Residence Permit. · Tax: Tax residency triggered after 183 days in Lithuania per calendar year. Tax residents: worldwide income taxed at 15%–32% progressive rates (15% for employment income; 20% for self-employment; 32% for income exceeding 60× average monthly salary). Non-residents (under 183 days): taxed only on Lithuania-sourced income. Lithuania has double taxation treaties with many countries including the US, UK, and all EU member states. No digital nomad-specific tax exemptions.
Luxembourg
No dedicated digital nomad visa. Schengen tourist entry or Autorisation de séjour (residence authorization) for non-EU long-term stays.
Income: No minimum income for Schengen tourist entry. Autorisation de séjour (private means/independent resident): must demonstrate sufficient independent means — no officially published minimum for digital nomads specifically. Practically: Luxembourg minimum wage (~€2,500/month gross in 2025) used as reference. No formal digital nomad visa category. · Tax: Luxembourg income tax: progressive 0%–42%. One of the highest income tax rates in the EU. Tax residency after 183 days. Additional municipal business tax and solidarity surcharge. No digital nomad-specific tax regime. Luxembourg is the wealthiest country in the EU by GDP per capita.
Malta
Nomad Residence Permit (NRP)
Income: Minimum €42,000/year gross from remote work (approximately €3,500/month). Only active employment/business income counts — passive income (dividends, interest, rental) excluded. Income threshold does not increase for dependents. · Tax: Foreign-sourced income exempt from Maltese income tax for first 12 months. After first year: flat 10% tax rate on remote income remitted to Malta. Foreign-sourced income NOT remitted to Malta is generally not taxed. No Maltese social security contributions required. Malta has double taxation treaties with many countries.
Netherlands
Orientation Year Highly Educated Persons (Zoekjaar Talent) — closest available option
Income: No dedicated digital nomad visa. Orientation Year visa: no minimum income requirement but applicants must demonstrate financial self-sufficiency. Highly Skilled Migrant visa requires minimum gross monthly salary (~€4,300–€5,500 depending on age). · Tax: Tax residency typically triggered after 183 days/year. Netherlands progressive income tax (37.07%–49.5%). 30% ruling may apply for highly skilled migrants for up to 5 years (reduces taxable income by 30%). Consult Dutch tax advisor.
Norway
No dedicated digital nomad visa (Svalbard is a unique option)
Income: No dedicated digital nomad visa for Norway mainland. Svalbard: no visa or income requirement (special treaty territory). Non-EEA nationals on mainland must use standard immigration routes (work permit, self-employed permit). · Tax: Norway has high income tax rates (22%–47.4% for highest earners). Tax residency after 183 days. Svalbard has a lower flat tax rate of approximately 8%. No dedicated nomad tax exemptions.
Portugal
D8 Digital Nomad Visa (Visto para Atividade de Trabalho Remoto — D8)
Income: Minimum 4× the Portuguese national minimum wage per month. In 2026: minimum €3,680/month gross (€920 minimum wage × 4). For dependents: +50% per adult (€1,840/month), +30% per child (€1,104/month). Income must come from remote work for employers or clients outside Portugal. Passive income (dividends, rent) accepted. Minimum savings: €11,040 in bank account. · Tax: Tax residency after 183 days/year. If tax resident: progressive income tax 14.5%–48% on worldwide income. NHR regime closed to new applicants since Jan 2024. ITS (Incentivised Tax Status) regime available for qualifying researchers and innovation professionals at 20% flat rate. Non-residents: taxed only on Portugal-sourced income. Portugal has double taxation treaties with many countries.
Romania
Digital Nomad Visa (Viza D pentru activitate de muncă la distanță)
Income: Minimum income of 3× Romania's average gross salary per month. In 2025: approximately RON 25,500/month (~€5,100/month or ~USD $5,500/month) based on Romanian National Statistics Institute average salary data. Income must derive from remote work for non-Romanian employers/clients. · Tax: No income tax on foreign-sourced earnings if staying under 183 days/year. After 183 days, Romanian income tax at 10% flat rate applies. Romania has one of the lowest flat income tax rates in the EU. No social contributions required for non-residents. Romania has double taxation treaties with many countries.
Slovakia
Temporary Residence Permit for Self-Employment (Živnostenské oprávnenie / No dedicated DNV)
Income: No official digital nomad visa. For self-employment residence permit: must demonstrate sufficient income. No fixed published minimum for freelancers. Recommended: €2,000+/month to demonstrate financial self-sufficiency. · Tax: Slovakia flat income tax: 15% on income up to €49,790/year; 25% above that. Social insurance contributions also apply for self-employed (approximately 30–35% of income). No special nomad tax regime. Slovakia has double taxation treaties with many countries. Slovakia is in the Schengen Area and Eurozone.
Slovenia
Temporary Residence Permit for Digital Nomads (Začasno dovoljenje za prebivanje za digitalne nomade)
Income: Minimum 2× average net monthly salary in Slovenia from foreign sources. As of November 2025 launch: approximately €3,200/month net. Income must come exclusively from outside Slovenia — no work for Slovenian clients permitted. · Tax: Tax residency triggered after 183+ days/year in Slovenia or if center of interests is in Slovenia. Progressive income tax 16%–50% for tax residents. Foreign-sourced income from outside Slovenia generally not taxed for non-residents under 183 days.
Spain
Visado/Autorización para Teletrabajo de Carácter Internacional (Digital Nomad Visa)
Income: Minimum 200% of Spain's Minimum Interprofessional Salary (SMI). SMI in 2026: approx €1,424.50/month → minimum income: approx €2,849/month (~€34,188/year). +75% SMI (~€1,068/month) per additional adult family member. +25% SMI (~€356/month) per additional child. Income must come from remote work — passive income excluded. Up to 20% of income may be from Spanish companies (freelancers only). · Tax: Beckham Law / Special Non-Resident Tax Regime: flat 24% tax rate on Spain-sourced income up to €600,000/year for first 6 years (vs. standard rates up to 47%). Must apply to AEAT within 6 months of obtaining visa. Standard tax residency: 183+ days/year or vital interests in Spain. Spain has tax treaties with US, UK, Canada, Australia, and all EU countries.
Switzerland
No dedicated digital nomad visa. Freelancer/Self-Employment Permit (for non-EU, very restricted).
Income: No minimum income for Schengen tourist stay. Self-employment permit (if obtainable): must demonstrate significant income. Switzerland is one of the most restrictive countries in Europe for non-EU self-employment permits. · Tax: Swiss progressive income tax (federal + cantonal + communal). Effective rates vary significantly by canton: Zug and Schwyz are among the lowest (effective rate ~15%); Geneva and Zurich higher (~35%). No digital nomad-specific tax regime. Tax residency after 30 days with professional activity or 90 days without.